The ruminant stomach is composed of 4 separate compartments. Food passes first into the rumen, then reticulum, omasum and finally into the abomasum before entering the duodenum. The first three compartments are adapted to digest complex carbohydrates with the aid of microorganisms which produce volatile fatty acids - the major energy source of ruminants. The last compartments, the abomasum resembles the simple monogastric stomach in structure and function.

Innovation in expression -- as realized in media, tangible objects, and performance, and more -- generates new questions and new potentials for human engagement. When and how does expression engage us deeply? While "deep engagement" seems fundamental to the human psyche, it is hard to define, difficult to reliably design for, and hard to critically measure or assess. Are there principles we can articulate? Are there evaluation metrics we can use to insure quality of experience? Many personal stories confirm the hypothesis that once we experience deep engagement, it is a state we long for, remember, and want to repeat. We need to better understand these principles and innovate methods that can insure higher-quality products (artifacts, experiences, environments, performances, etc.) that appeal to a broad audience and that have lasting value over the long term.

Sensory information from the periphery of the animal ascends through the spinal cord and enters the higher levels of the brain. There are numerous pathways which allow different types of information to be passed to the brain. Types of general somatic sensation include pain, touch, temperature and kinaesthesia (conscious proprioception). This sensory information is sent to one of two destinations; the cerebral cortex or the cerebellum.

The epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium and is composed of 4 cell layers anchored to a basal lamina of connective tissue. Keratinocytes migrate through the epidermis from the basal layer. This migration begins in the stratum basale, then moves up through the stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum and the stratum corneum.

Hormones have a large effect on the skin, details of which can be found at endocrine and nutritional influences on the skin. As a result, endocrine associated skin pathology is relatively common.

The small intestine extends from the pylorus of the stomach to the caecum. The small intestine recieves chyme from the stomach. It is the main site of chemical degradation and absorption of chyme. Fats are exclusively broken down in this part of the alimentary tract. Carbohydrates and proteins that are not degraded in the small intestine are available for microbial fermentation in the large intestine. The small intestine produces enzymes for digestion of protein, carbohydrate and fat and absorbs the products of their digestion. Enzymes are produced by glands in the intestinal wall and the pancreas. The gall bladder produces bile which emulsifies fats for digestion. Absorption is facilitated by ridges in the small intestine and by the presence of villi and microvilli.

n the verterbrate embryo, as the primitive streak is regressing, the paraxial mesoderm divides into blocks of cells called somites. These divisions can be seen either side of the notochord. Somites are transient structures that will give rise to cells of the vertebrae and ribs, dermis of the dorsum, skeletal muscle of the body wall, back and limbs. Somites begin to develop at the anterior of the embryo first, and appear at regular intervals.

Fusion of the two plates of the thyroid cartilage is incomplete forming a rostral pointing notch which is a good site for surgical entry into the larynx. The thyroarytenoid muscle is divided into 2 parts; the rostral and caudal vocalis, which are situated within the vocal folds and vestibular folds. The cuneiform processes are attached to the epiglottis.

The spinal cord is constructed of the marginal layer which has axons and white matter, the mantle which contains cell bodies and grey matter and the spinal canal. This canal conducts sensory information from the peripheral nervous system (both somatic and autonomic) to the brain, conducts motor information from the brain to various effectors and acts as a minor reflex center.

Extensive reading of works by a few major poets. Emphasizes the evolution of each poet's work and the questions of poetic influence and literary tradition. Instruction and practice in oral and written communication. Topic for Fall: Does Poetry Matter? Topic for Spring: Gender and Lyric Poetry.

This page explains superficial anatomy through a guide to the superficial anatomy of a dog, including the head, forelimb, and hindlimb. Detailed Illustrations open in new tab.

The goals of this instructional course are to get you started in this wonderful sport and to give you a working knowledge of tennis. It should help you to understand the basics of a sport and how to perform these basics. Most of the course will focus on the basic stroke techniques. Variation to those techniques will be presented, as well as drills and games, so that you can take it to the court. Singles and doubles tactics will be covered as well.

Thermoregulation is the ability of an endothermic organism to maintain a relatively constant body temperature, despite fluctuations in temperature of the external environment. This is a vital part of homeostasis.

The thymus has a key role in the maturation of prothymocytes into mature T cells. In juvenile animals the thymus produces significant numbers of new T lymphocytes but as the animal matures this production decreases and T cell population is maintained by division of mature T cells.

The thyroid gland lies in the neck, in front of the upper part of the trachea. Two types of hormones are produced, which are the iodine containing hormones; tri-iodothyronine(T3) and thyroxine (T4). Thyroid hormones regulate the basal metabolic rate and are important in the regulation of growth of tissues, particularly nervous tissue. Release stimulated by TSH from the pituitary. The second type of hormone produced from the thyroid gland is calcitonin, which regulates blood calcium levels along with parathyroid hormone and acts to reduce blood calcium by inhibiting its removal from bone.

Definitions • Tissues - groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common function• Histology - the study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs 4 Primary Tissues (linked to figure 4.2- Four types of Connective Tissue) 1. Connective Tissue, 2. Epithelial Tissue, 3. Muscle Tissue, 4.Nervous Tissue

Teeth develop differently in different regions of the mouth in most species, a process called heterodonty. In some animals, teeth develop identically in different regions of the mouth, a process called homodonty. Different species will have varying numbers of teeth and different shapes depending largely on their diet. Not all species possess teeth and there is huge variation in dental formulae between the species that have teeth. Teeth are mainly used for mastication - chewing and grinding food particles, but are also used for seizing prey and tearing. The occlusion surface is where opposing teeth touch. The contact surface is where adjacent teeth touch.

The trachea is the tube linking the cricoid cartilage of the larynx to the bronchi, forming part of the conducting system which transports air from the external environment to the lungs. The oesophagus lies dorsally to the trachea. The cervical part of the trachea lies generally in the median position, although this varies slightly depending on the position of the head. The thoracic part of the trachea crosses the aortic arch, thus its positioning is moved slightly to the right at this level. The trachea bifurcates to form the two bronchi at the level of the 4th-6th intercostal space.

Hydrophillic ions and molecules are unable to diffuse across the lipid bilayer. However if concentration gradients allow it they are sometimes able to diffuse across the membrane using water filled protein channels. These tend to be only large enough for small ions to pass through and so are perhaps more commonly known as ion channels.