This subject provides an introduction to the mechanics of materials and structures. You will be introduced to and become familiar with all relevant physical properties and fundamental laws governing the behavior of materials and structures and you will learn how to solve a variety of problems of interest to civil and environmental engineers. While there will be a chance for you to put your mathematical skills obtained in 18.01, 18.02, and eventually 18.03 to use in this subject, the emphasis is on the physical understanding of why a material or structure behaves the way it does in the engineering design of materials and structures.

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In economics, the term 'labor' refers to workers. As a factor of production, labor earns wages for the services that it renders. As such, students of labor economics have traditionally set out to understand wage formation, the level of employment, and all elements that go into the making of a wage relationship. Over the years, the social and economic contexts in which labor markets operate have become increasingly complex; nowadays, labor economics is no longer limited to the study of wages. Modern labor economics instead seeks to understand the complex workings of the labor market by studying the dynamics between employers, employees, and their wage-, price-, and profit-making incentives. In other words, modern labor economics explores the outcomes of the labor market under the assumption that workers strive to maximize their wellbeing and firms strive to maximize profits. It also analyzes the behavior of employers and employees and studies their responses to changes in government policies and/or in the demographic composition of the labor force. Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able to: Demonstrate an understanding of basic labor economics theory, including labor market structures and wage determination; Apply their understanding of theoretical models to analyze trends in data pertaining to topics in labor economics; Apply their understanding of theoretical models to case studies presented in the course; Construct, defend, and analyze important labor policy issues; Comprehend, assess, and criticize existing empirical work in labor economics. (Economics 303)

" Here we will learn about the mechanical behavior of structures and materials, from the continuum description of properties to the atomistic and molecular mechanisms that confer those properties to all materials. We will cover elastic and plastic deformation, creep, fracture and fatigue of materials including crystalline and amorphous metals, semiconductors, ceramics, and (bio)polymers, and will focus on the design and processing of materials from the atomic to the macroscale to achieve desired mechanical behavior. We will cover special topics in mechanical behavior for material systems of your choice, with reference to current research and publications."

Introduction to statics and the mechanics of deformable solids. Emphasis on the three basic principles of equilibrium, geometric compatibility, and material behavior. Stress and its relation to force and moment; strain and its relation to displacement; linear elasticity with thermal expansion. Failure modes. Application to simple engineering structures such as rods, shafts, beams, and trusses. Application to design. Introduction to material selection. This course provides an introduction to the mechanics of solids with applications to science and engineering. We emphasize the three essential features of all mechanics analyses, namely: (a) the geometry of the motion and/or deformation of the structure, and conditions of geometric fit, (b) the forces on and within structures and assemblages; and (c) the physical aspects of the structural system (including material properties) which quantify relations between the forces and motions/deformation.

Principles of Macroeconomics 2e covers the scope and sequence of most introductory economics courses. The text includes many current examples, which are handled in a politically equitable way. The outcome is a balanced approach to the theory and application of economics concepts. The second edition has been thoroughly revised to increase clarity, update data and current event impacts, and incorporate the feedback from many reviewers and adopters. Changes made in Principles of Macroeconomics 2e are described in the preface and the transition guide to help instructors transition to the second edition. The first edition of Principles of Macroeconomics by OpenStax is available in web view here.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

Calculate the price elasticity of demand
Calculate the price elasticity of supply

This book is an adaptation of Principles of Microeconomics originally published by OpenStax. This adapted version has been reorganized into eight topics and expanded to include over 200 multiple choice questions, examples, eight case studies including questions and solutions, and over 200 editable figures.

Topic 1: Introductory Concepts and Models
Introduction to Microeconomics
1.1 What Is Economics, and Why Is It Important?
1.2 Opportunity Costs & Sunk Costs
1.3 Marginal Analysis
Case Study - Beer or Cancer?
Solutions: Case Study - Beer or Cancer?
Topic 1 Multiple Choice Questions
Topic 1 Solutions
Topic 1 References
Topic 2: Specialization and Trade
Introduction to Specialization & Trade
2.1 Economic Efficiency
2.2 Production Possibility Frontier
2.3 Trade
Case Study - Brexit
Solutions: Case Study - Brexit
Topic 2 Multiple Choice Questions
Topic 2 Solutions
Topic 2 References
Topic 3: Supply, Demand, and Equilibrium
Introduction to Supply and Demand
3.1 The Competitive Market Model
3.2 Building Demand and Consumer Surplus
3.3 Other Determinants of Demand
3.4 Building Supply and Producer Surplus
3.5 Other Determinants of Supply
3.6 Equilibrium and Market Surplus
Case Study - The Housing Market
Solutions: Case Study - The Housing Market
Topic 3 Multiple Choice Questions
Topic 3 Solutions
Topic 3 References
Topic 4 Part 1: Elasticity
4.1 Calculating Elasticity
4.2 Elasticity and Revenue
4.3 Relative Elasticity
Topic 4 Part 2: Applications of Supply and Demand
4.4 Introduction to Government Policy
4.5 Price Controls
4.6 Quantity Controls
4.7 Taxes and Subsidies
4.8 Elasticity and Policy
4.9 Tariffs
Case Study - Automation in Fast Food
Solutions: Case Study - Automation in Fast Food
Topic 4 Multiple Choice Questions
Topic 4 Solutions
Topic 4 References
Topic 5: Externalities
Introduction to Environmental Protection and Negative Externalities
5.1 Externalities
5.2 Indirectly Correcting Externalities
5.3 Directly Targeting Pollution
Case Study - Sulpher Dioxide
Solutions: Case Study - Sulpher Dioxide
Topic 5 Solutions
Topic 5 References
Topic 6: Consumer Theory
Introduction to Consumer Choices
6.1 The Budget Line
6.2 The Indifference Curve
6.3 Understanding Consumer Theory
6.4 Building Demand
Case Study - The Liberal Gas Tax
Solutions: Case Study - The Liberal Gas Tax
Topic 6 Solutions
Topic 6 References
Topic 7: Producer Theory
Introduction to Cost and Industry Structure
7.1 Building Producer Theory
7.2 Understanding Producer Theory
7.3 Producer Theory in the Long Run
7.4 The Structure of Costs in the Long Run
Case Study - Oil Markets
Solution: Case Study - Oil Markets
Topic 7 Solutions
Topic 7 References
Topic 8: Imperfect Competition
Introduction to Imperfect Competition
8.1 Monopoly
8.2 Fixing Monopoly
8.3 Why Monopolies Persist
8.4 Monopolistic Competition
Case Study - Diamond's Demise
Solutions: Diamond's Demise
Topic 8 Solutions
Topic 8 References
Appendix C: Versioning History

The purpose of this course is to provide the student with a basic understanding of the principles of microeconomics. At its core, the study of economics deals with the choices and decisions that have to be made in order to manage scarce resources available to us. Microeconomics is the branch of economics that pertains to decisions made at the individual level, i.e. by individual consumers or individual firms, after evaluating resources, costs, and tradeoffs. "The economy" refers to the marketplace or system in which these choices interact with one another. In this course, the student will learn how and why these decisions are made and how they affect one another in the economy. Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able to: Think intuitively about economic problems; Identify how individual economic agents make rational choices given scarce resources and will know how to optimize the use of resources at hand; Understand some simplistic economic models related to Production, Trade, and the Circular Flow of Resources; Analyze and apply the mechanics of Demand and Supply for Individuals, Firms, and the Market; Apply the concept of Marginal Analysis in order to make optimal choices and identify whether the choices are 'efficient' or 'equitable'; Apply the concept of Elasticity as a measure of responsiveness to various variables; Identify the characteristic differences amongst various market structures, namely, Perfectly Competitive Markets, Non-Competitive Markets, and Imperfectly Competitive Markets and understand the differences in their operation; Analyze how the Demand and Supply technique works for the Resource Markets. (Economics 101; See also: Business Administration 200)