In 2009, the University of Michigan Department of Emergency Medicine working with global health partners at Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Ghana College of Physicians and Surgeons, and the Ghana Ministry of Health established the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. The overall goal of the collaborative is to improve the provision of emergency care in Ghana through the development of physician, nursing and medical student training programs. This NIH-Fogarty International Center funded project also explores the use of new educational modalities such as open educational resources to provide education in Ghana. ** As part of this project, a 5-day Advanced Emergency Trauma Course (AETC) was constructed utilizing curricular materials from existing U.S. based emergency medicine residencies with modification to the available resources of developing Low-Middle Income Countries (LMICs) such as Ghana. The course, which was designed by University of Michigan and University of Utah Emergency Medicine Faculty includes 20 hours of didactic teaching material in open educational resource format, low-cost simulation models for procedural training and assessment tools. Attached are the full 20 hours of didactic materials in OER format. The full course is available by contacting the course director, Patrick Carter at cartpatr@gmail.com.

Lab manual for two semester anatomy and physiology laboratory course. The chapters parallel the OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology textbook. Chapter features include an initial Motivation section with information related to nursing and allied health careers as well as health disparities. Background information, pre-laboratory questions, lab exercises and post-laboratory questions are found in each chapter. The platform is Pressbooks on VIVA Virginia's Academic Library Consortium, authored by Norfolk State University Faculty

Short, animated videos on many Anatomy and Physiology topics. Videos used in college courses and cover the content presented in the first 2 semesters of Anatomy and Physiology for Nursing/Allied Health students.

How a cell infected by a virus signals cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill the cell before the virus replicates and spreads. This video is two minutes and 34 seconds in length, and available in Quick Time (11 MB) and Windows Media Player (23 MB). All Infection Disease Animations are located at: http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/animations.html.

The goal of this Renal Pathology Atlas is to provide teaching material to veterinary pathologists and nephropathologists. The atlas demonstrates the breadth of lesions that can occur within a cohort of dogs presenting with the clinical sign of protein loss in the urine. Kidney samples were examined with multiple modalities including: histopathology, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Integration of these comprehensive evaluations with the clinical history can help veterinary pathologists and nephrologists to better understand the etiology and prognosis of renal lesions in proteinuric dogs.

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) prepared this online handbook on foodborne pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses and parasites) and natural toxins. Chapters are arranged under the following headings: Pathogenic Bacteria, Enterovirulent Escherichia Coli Group, Parasitic Protozoa and Worms, Viruses, Natural Toxins, Other Pathogenic Agents, and Appendices. The intent of each chapter is to provide basic facts regarding these organisms and toxins including their characteristics, habitat or source, associated foods, infective dose, characteristic disease symptoms, complications, recent and/or major outbreaks, and any susceptible populations. The chapters also contain minimal information on the analytical methods used to detect, isolate, and/or identify the pathogens or natural toxins.

Nuclear Medicine is a fascinating application of nuclear physics. The first ten chapters of this wikibook are intended to support a basic introductory course in an early semester of an undergraduate program. They assume that students have completed decent high school programs in maths and physics and are concurrently taking subjects in the medical sciences. Additional chapters cover more advanced topics in this field. Our focus in this wikibook is the diagnostic application of Nuclear Medicine. Therapeutic applications are considered in a separate wikibook, "Radiation Oncology".

Biomechatronics is a contraction of biomechanics and mechatronics. In this course the function and coordination of the human motion apparatus is the central focus, and the design of assistive devices for the support of the function of the motion apparatus.

Six case studies, case study keys, and instructor notes were developed for this grant project. A brief description of the studies is as follows:

Blood Clotting- This case study discusses the causes, symptoms, and possible treatments for blood clots. I chose this study because the story is about my brother who was misdiagnosed with a clot and almost died. I felt it was a study that included the importance of proper diagnosis in a medical situation.

Immunization-This case study includes a brief history of immunization, how vaccines work, what type of vaccines are available, what chemicals can be found in vaccines, and why people may choose not to be vaccinated. This study was written before the COVID-19 pandemic, but more information can be added to it concerning a possible vaccination for the COVID-19 virus.

The Stereochemistry of Ephedrine- This case study centers around the drug ephedrine. The study discusses how ephedrine binds to adrenergic receptors. Ephedrine is a chiral molecule which means it has stereoisomers. This study focuses on stereochemistry and guides students on how stereoisomers bind to specific receptors. The way an isomer binds to a receptor affects how a drug interacts with our body.

Understanding Solutions- This case study connects the concepts of concentration and molarity in chemistry terms to terms used in a medical field. Students will study the concepts of osmolarity, molarity, hyper and hypotonic solutions, and salt solutions. The study involves the story of a young nurse learning to understand the important terms and solutions in a medical situation.

Red Blood Cell Alloimmunization- This case study discusses the differences of blood types and blood type groups (ABO and Rh). The study focuses on the possibility of complications due to allergic reactions to red blood cell antigens (alloimmunization). Alloimmunization is especially harmful for patients needing blood transfusions or women and fetuses during pregnancy.

Radioactivity- This case study discusses thyroid hormones and how problems with these hormones can be treated with radiation. Students learn about the function of the thyroid and causes of hypo and hyperthyroidism. Students also learn about radioactive treatment, half lives of radiation, and types of radiation.

Students will learn about the use of biomaterials to create advanced diagnostic tools for detection of infectious and chronic diseases, restore insulin production to supplement lost pancreatic function in diabetes, provide cells with appropriate physical, mechanical, and biochemical cues to direct tissue regeneration, and enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.

This course is one of many Advanced Undergraduate Seminars offered by the Biology Department at MIT. These seminars are tailored for students with an interest in using primary research literature to discuss and learn about current biological research in a highly interactive setting. Many instructors of the Advanced Undergraduate Seminars are postdoctoral scientists with a strong interest in teaching.

This is a custom textbook catered to the needs of kinesiology students enrolled in a first-year biomechanics course. It has been modified from OpenStax College Physics and Anatomy and Physiology.

I. Chapter 1: Prerequisite Skills for Biomechanics
II. Chapter 2: Anatomy Basics
III. Chapter 3: Linear Kinematics in One-dimension
IV. Chapter 4: Linear Kinematics in Two-dimensions
V. Chapter 5: Angular Kinematics
VI. Chapter 6: Linear Kinetics
VII. Chapter 7: Work, Power, and Energy
VIII. Chapter 8: Angular Kinetics
IX. Chapter 9: Mechanics of Human Tissues
X. Chapter 10: Mechanism of Injury

Analyzes computational needs of clinical medicine reviews systems and approaches that have been used to support those needs, and the relationship between clinical data and gene and protein measurements. Topics: the nature of clinical data; architecture and design of healthcare information systems; privacy and security issues; medical expertsystems; introduction to bioinformatics. Case studies and guest lectures describe contemporary systems and research projects. Term project using large clinical and genomic data sets integrates classroom topics.

This course presents a design philosophy and a design approach, dedicated to rehabilitation technology. This field was selected because of human-machine interaction is inherent and vital. Illustrative examples will be discussed by their entire design process

Seminars exploring current research and topical issues in the biomedical sciences, addressed at the general theme of innovation. Seminars are organized in blocks with related content, and are presented by prominent outside speakers as well as by HST faculty members and graduate students. Each seminar block includes several semi-weekly presentations, in addition to wide-ranging discussions among speakers, faculty, and students. Discussions involve issues such as relations between presented research areas, requirements for further advances in the "state of the art", the role of enabling technologies, the responsible practice of biomedical research, and career paths in the biomedical sciences. This course consists of a series of seminars focused on the development of professional skills. Each semester focuses on a different topic, resulting in a repeating cycle that covers medical ethics, responsible conduct of research, written and oral technical communication, and translational issues. Material and activities include guest lectures, case studies, interactive small group discussions, and role-playing simulations.

Seminars exploring current research and topical issues in the biomedical sciences, addressed at the general theme of innovation. Seminars are organized in blocks with related content, and are presented by prominent outside speakers as well as by HST faculty members and graduate students. Each seminar block includes several semi-weekly presentations, in addition to wide-ranging discussions among speakers, faculty, and students. Discussions involve issues such as relations between presented research areas, requirements for further advances in the "state of the art", the role of enabling technologies, the responsible practice of biomedical research, and career paths in the biomedical sciences.

Health technology innovation in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including countries in Africa, falls far short of meeting the healthcare needs of these settings. The result is a heavy reliance on products and technologies imported from industrialised countries that are often not suited to, or sustainable for, LMICs.

Appropriate healthcare products for LMICs are best developed in these countries, where local knowledge and understanding of needs, context and available resources may be incorporated into designs and implementation plans. The objectives for enabling health technology development in LMICs include: 1) expanding the base of expertise through research training programmes with a problem-solving focus; 2) stimulating new knowledge, approaches and solutions by enabling innovation; and 3) integrating research communities within and across institutions to build critical mass.

The field of biomedical engineering is central to health technology innovation. This book is a response to the need for biomedical engineering capacity in Africa. It is grounded in the African context. It serves as a resource for academics and students in biomedical engineering, for those interested in entering the field in any capacity and for practitioners at every stage of product development. University leaders intent on establishing new biomedical engineering programmes or departments, may draw on the content for guidance on structuring their offerings. The book reaches beyond Africa, as it is relevant to other LMIC settings, and provides insights to guide global health initiatives focused on technology innovation.

Building a Medical Terminology Foundation is an OER that focuses on breaking down medical terms into their word parts, pronouncing medical terms, and learning the meaning of medical terms within the context of introductory anatomy and physiology. This resource is targeted for health office administration and health services students in the first year of their college programs.

I. Main Body
1. Identifying Word Parts in Medical Terms
2. Medical Language Rules
3. Prefix
4. Suffix
5. Medical Language Within the Context of Anatomy and Physiology
6. Integumentary System
7. Respiratory System
8. Urinary System
9. Male Reproductive System
10. Female Reproductive System
11. Obstetrics
12. Cardiovascular System - Heart
13. Cardiovascular System - Blood Vessels and Blood
14. Lymphatic and Immune Systems
15. Digestive System
16. Skeletal System
17. Muscular System
18. Sensory Systems
19. Nervous System
20. Endocrine System

At our institution, teaching basic physical examination (PE) skills capitalizes on the use of electronic resources and Standardized Patients (SP) with advanced training who are better able to assist students in developing their skills. This online module uses interactive methods, video, and concept applications to prepare learners for practice/review of the necessary components to develop a PE skill set. SPs with advanced training (Physical Examination Teaching Associates (PETAs)) use this module to prepare for their role of SP, as well as understanding when to provide feedback to students on the ‘mechanics’ of the PE and communication skills used during the ‘patient’ encounter. In an effort to better link the training of the PETAs with educational outcomes for the students, we have created this online module that integrates the foundational science concepts for which the students are responsible as they learn/practice basic PE skills. Sharing these concepts with the PETAs during their training will help frame the oral feedback that they provide to students. This oral feedback is more directive, and is in addition to the checklist assessment provided to each student at the completion of the encounter. This online module advances the use of SPs in clinical education by creating an efficient, timely, scalable, easily accessible resource that will assist in training, but will also serve as the primary resource for students when learning the basics of PE.

The University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS), in the process of revising its undergraduate medical school curriculum, devised a new course, Cancer Concepts, to
introduce the general principles of oncology to first year students. The goal of the Cancer Concepts course is to begin to prepare students to care for oncology patients in whatever specialty they ultimately choose, and the text provides a foundational guidebook of oncology for non-oncologists.

Table of Contents:

Introduction
Introduction
Supporting Cancer Knowledge Needs Using Online Information
Biological Basis of Oncology & Principles of Multidisciplinary Therapy
Epidemiology and the Cancer Problem
The Pathology of Cancer
Environmental and Infectious Causes of Malignancy
Familial Cancer Syndromes
Cancer Prevention and Screening
Nutrition and Cancer
Cancer Biology
Oncologic Imaging
Staging of Cancer
Oncologic Emergencies and Urgencies
Principles of Multidisciplinary Management
Principles of Surgical Oncology
Principles of Radiation Oncology
Principles of Medical Oncology
Cancer Treatment Drugs
Pediatric Oncology Principles
Cancer as a Chronic Disease
Treatment of Cancer Pain
Organ-Specific Cancers
Respiratory
Lung Cancer and Mesothelioma
Breast
Breast Cancer
Gastrointestinal/Digestive
Colorectal Cancer
Cancer of the Esophagus
Gynecologic
Cervical Cancer
Endometrial Cancer
Head and Neck
Head and Neck Cancers
Unknown
Cancers of Unknown Primary

Cardiovascular Pathophysiology for Pre-Clinical Students is an undergraduate medical-level resource for foundational knowledge of common cardiovascular diseases, disorders and pathologies. This text is designed for a course pre-clinical undergraduate medical curriculum and it is aligned to USMLE(r) (United States Medical Licensing Examination) content guidelines. The text is meant to provide the essential information from these content areas in a concise format that would allow learner preparation to engage in an active classroom. Clinical correlates and additional application of content is intended to be provided in the classroom experience. The text assumes that the students will have an understanding of basic cardiovascular physiology that will be helpful to understand the content presented here. This resource should be assistive to the learner later in medical school and for exam preparation given the material is presented in a succinct manner, with a focus on high-yield concepts.

The 70-page text was created specifically for use by pre-clinical students at Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and was based on faculty experience and peer review to guide development and hone important topics.

Available Formats
ISBN 978-1-957213-02-6 (PDF)
ISBN 978-1-957213-03-3 (ePub)
ISBN 978-1-957213-04-0 (print) https://www.amazon.com/Cardiovascular-Pathophysiology-Pre-Clinical-Students-Andrew/dp/1957213043
ISBN 978-1-957213-01-9 (Pressbooks)
https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/cardiovascularpathophysiology
Also available via LibreTexts: https://med.libretexts.org/@go/page/34347

How to Adopt this Book
Instructors reviewing, adopting, or adapting parts or the whole of the text are requested to register their interest at: https://bit.ly/interest-preclinical.

Instructors and subject matter experts interested in and sharing their original course materials relevant to pre-clinical education are requested to join the instructor portal at https://www.oercommons.org/groups/pre-clinical-resources/10133.

Features of this Book
1. Detailed learning objectives are provided at the beginning of each chapter;
2. High resolution, color contrasting figures illustrate concepts, relationships, and processes throughout;
3. Subsection summary tables
4. End of chapter lists provide additional sources of information; and
5. Accessibility features including structured heads and alternative-text provide access for readers accessing the work via a screen-reader.

Table of Contents
1. Arrhythmias
2. Heart Failure
3. Hypertension
4. Valvular Disease
5. Heart Sounds and Murmurs
6. Congenital Heart Disease
7. Ischemic Heart Disease

Suggested Citation
Binks, Andrew., (2022). Cardiovascular Pathophysiology for Pre-Clinical Students, Roanoke: Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine. https://doi.org/10.21061/cardiovascularpathophysiology. Licensed with CC BY NC-SA 4.0.

About the Author
Dr. Andrew Binks is a cardiopulmonary physiologist who gained his BSc (Hons) in Physiological Sciences at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, then a MSc in Human and Applied Physiology from King’s College, London. He returned to Newcastle to do his PhD and study the underlying physiological mechanisms of dyspnea, the cardinal symptom of cardiopulmonary disease. He continued investigating dyspnea at Harvard School of Public Health as a postdoctoral fellow and then as a research scientist. After seven years at Harvard, Andrew took his first faculty position at the University of New England where he taught cardiovascular and pulmonary physiology to health profession and medical students. He continued to teach medical students their heart and lung physiology after moving to the University of South Carolina’s Medical School in Greenville where he also directed the school’s heart and lung pathophysiology courses. Andrew currently teaches heart and lung physiology and pathophysiology at Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, directs the heart and lung pathophysiology course and has also served as the departmental director of faculty development.

In his two decades of teaching medical physiology, Andrew has regularly drawn upon his dyspnea research experience to generate an active, clinically focused approach to medical education. This book is part of that approach and supports students preparing for class with the basic information with the intention to apply and contextualize that information in a guided case-based classroom experience.

Andrew has published numerous peer-reviewed research papers and book chapters about dyspnea and about contemporary medical education. He has also given keynote presentations, faculty workshops and international webinars to promote effective medical education for the modern adult learner.

Accessibility Note
The University Libraries at Virginia Tech and Virginia Tech Publishing are committed to making its publications accessible in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. The HTML (Pressbooks) and ePub versions of this book utilize header structures and include alternative text which allow for machine-readability.

Please report any errors at https://bit.ly/feedback-preclinical