"This undergraduate class is designed to introduce students to the physics that govern the circulation of the ocean and atmosphere. The focus of the course is on the processes that control the climate of the planet.AcknowledgmentsProf. Ferrari wishes to acknowledge that this course was originally designed and taught by Prof. John Marshall."

Massive amounts of chemicals produced by modern industries have given humankind an unprecedented standard of living and quality of life. However, this has also exerted a price of environmental degradation. To make a contribution to the improvement of environmental quality, individuals need to have some knowledge of environmental chemistry. Chemistry teachers are then expected to know and pass environmental knowledge to the society via their students.

The overall goal of this course is to gain an understanding of the fundamental chemical processes that are central to a range of important environmental problems and to utilize this knowledge in making critical evaluations of these problems. Specific goals include:

• An understanding of the chemistry of the stratospheric ozone layer and of the important ozone depletion processes.

• An understanding of the chemistry of important tropospheric processes, including photochemical smog and acid precipitation.

• An understanding of the basic physics of the greenhouse effect and of the sources and sinks of the family of greenhouse gases.

• An understanding of the nature, reactivity, and environmental fates of toxic organic chemicals.

• An understanding of societal implications of some environmental problems.

This course provides students with a scientific foundation of anthropogenic climate change and an introduction to climate models. It focuses on fundamental physical processes that shape climate (e.g. solar variability, orbital mechanics, greenhouse gases, atmospheric and oceanic circulation, and volcanic and soil aerosols) and on evidence for past and present climate change. During the course they discuss material consequences of climate change, including sea level change, variations in precipitation, vegetation, storminess, and the incidence of disease. This course also examines the science behind mitigation and adaptation proposals.

U.S. History is designed to meet the scope and sequence requirements of most introductory courses. The text provides a balanced approach to U.S. history, considering the people, events, and ideas that have shaped the United States from both the top down (politics, economics, diplomacy) and bottom up (eyewitness accounts, lived experience). U.S. History covers key forces that form the American experience, with particular attention to issues of race, class, and gender.Senior Contributing AuthorsP. Scott Corbett, Ventura CollegeVolker Janssen, California State University, FullertonJohn M. Lund, Keene State CollegeTodd Pfannestiel, Clarion UniversityPaul Vickery, Oral Roberts UniversitySylvie Waskiewicz

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

Describe the efforts to reduce the influence of immigrants on American culture
Describe the evolution of twenty-first-century American attitudes towards same-sex marriage
Explain the clash over climate change