The module, Physical Chemistry 2, focuses on six (6) areas of physical chemistry important to many aspects of our lives: solutions, colloids, phase equilibrium, electrochemistry, nuclear and quantum chemistry. Solutions are often necessary to facilitate many chemical reactions that are important to life, and/or for industrial processes; while colloids find extensive applications in various chemical industries (e.g., in pharmaceuticals, food and beverages, paints, adhesives, cosmetics, inks and many other industrial products). The applications of electrochemistry are wide spread with great economic significance. A number of real life processes also involve electrochemical reactions, the knowledge of which allows us to understand certain chemical and biological reactions related to them. Rusting of iron, bleaching of stains and photosynthesis are examples of such life processes. Many substances exist in more than one physical state, the most common being solid, liquid and gas phases. Each of the phases has significantly different physical properties, knowledge of which can be used for our benefit in different circumstances. As you may or may not know, although the nuclei of many isotopes are stable, some are however unstable and will undergo what is known as a nuclear reaction. Such reactions although useful in certain applications, like electricity power generation and nuclear medicine, yet nuclear reactions could also be harmful and destructive as with its application in producing the atomic bomb- a weapon of mass destruction. Elementary particles (photons, electrons, neutrons, protons, etc) configure with the forces of nature to make all forms of matter. Thus, the internal structures of these particles determine the chemical and physical behavior of matter and in turn, influence the nature of their interaction with radiation. The constructive interpretation of this kind of reaction using quantum chemical and mechanical principles provide useful framework for their application in the development of modern technologies. Solar energy panels, automatic doors, elevators, pocket calculator and intrusion alarms are some of the products of processes related to quantum mechanical ideas.

The field of plant physiology includes the study of all the internal activities of plants—those chemical and physical processes associated with life as they occur in plants. This includes study at many levels of scale of size and time. At the smallest scale are molecular interactions of photosynthesis and internal diffusion of water, minerals, and nutrients. At the largest scale are the processes of plant development, seasonality, dormancy, and reproductive control. Major subdisciplines of plant physiology include phytochemistry (the study of the biochemistry of plants) and phytopathology (the study of disease in plants). The scope of plant physiology as a discipline may be divided into several major areas of research.

You have heard of computer games, right! Probably you might have had a chance to play with a friend or the computer itself. If you have not, try now (take five minutes); that computer you are using has a number of games including and not limited to Solitaire or Ink Ball. Wow! how does it work? how does it judge its moves? Outsmarts you ha! What are we thinking now--- it puzzles; there must be some logic behind this! True, there is, and that ‘puzzle’ is the act of programming. “A beginner in programming must emphasize the how of programming: how to develop the solution to a given problem, how to organize a program, and how to make effective use of the standard techniques that represent the “tricks” of trade” (http://users.csc.calpoly.edu).Therefore, this is a very interesting Module as we introduce what programming is and also familiarize ourselves with frequently applied terms in the programming world.

Probability and Statistics, besides being a key area in the secondary schools’ teaching syllabuses, it forms an important background to advanced mathematics at tertiary level. Statistics is a fundamental area of Mathematics that is applied across many academic subjects and is useful in analysis in industrial production. The study of statistics produces statisticians that analyse raw data collected from the field to provide useful insights about a population. The statisticians provide governments and organizations with concrete backgrounds of a situation that helps managers in decision making. For example, rate of spread of diseases, rumours, bush fires, rainfall patterns, and population changes.

In order to study this module, you need to complete the modules on Mechanics I, Mechanics II, and Electricity and Magnetism. This module also assumes you have taken introductory course in Calculus.

The module describes the experimental findings that lead to a new concept and a new scientific attitude towards physical phenomena at the microscopic level. In addition, the module describes the formal terminology based on assumptions derived from these experimental observations, such as Schrödinger’s wave mechanics and the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. Examples of applications (such as the study of a related onedimensional study of a system of two quantum states, and the study of the hydrogen atom) can aid in supporting the results of abstract ideas which bring about the various formal theories of quantum mechanics.

In a school setup, diverse issues requiring your attention emerge. At the same time, whatever you do everyday in the school needs to be given meaning so that it is worthwhile to you and your students. This module equips you with the skills and knowledge relevant to your teaching practice. It empowers you to be an effective teacher who is critical, creative, heuristic and insightful about your day- to-day experiences in school. The module will enable you to acquire a new perspective towards the teaching profession and its practice.

Through this module, sociology of education, a subject that is not taught in secondary schools, you will acquire a very important intellectual asset for your future teaching career. It is the only subject that can give you a better grasp of the overall education process and the meaning of teaching practices, and raise your awareness of the imperatives of social dynamics. However, we must not forget that a truly professional understanding of the education process also requires the acquisition of scientific knowledge from related disciplines such as psychology, philosophy, history, statistics, and so on.

Software engineering is concerned with all aspects of software production from the early stages of system specification through to maintaining the system after it has gone into use (Laurie Williams 2004). To engineering perspective, SE adopts a systematic and organized approach to develop systems.

The course exposes students on how to use several specific practices and techniques used in developing software. It is required to familiarize learners to industrial modeling tools with the aim of exposing them to state-of-the-art practices with respect to software development. At the end of the module , student will have a better understanding of the complexities as well as subtleties of the various software development activities that include working in a team or group. Students will learn process models, software testing techniques and project management skills used in building software effectively, apply good practices, effective design techniques, and development tools. SE is needed to develop all kinds of software projects including complex software projects.

This course presents software quality assurance. Software quality assurance (SQA) is the concern of every software engineer to reduce costs and improve product time-to-market. A Software Quality Assurance Plan is not merely another name for a test plan, though test plans are included in an SQA plan. SQA activities are performed on every software project. Use of metrics is an important part of developing a strategy to improve the quality of both software processes and work products.

Building on preceding exposure on fundamentals of the software process, this course focuses on techniques for ensuring software quality. Here, quality assurance is viewed as an activity that runs through the entire development process: understanding the needs of clients and users; analyzing and documenting requirements; verifying and validating solutions through testing.

This course is intended for students enrolling for BSc with Education and BEd degrees. Solid state physics forms the backborn of physics. The module has four units: Introduction to solid state physics; Crystal defects and mechanical properties ; Thermal and electrical properties; and Band theory & Optical properties.In the first unit/activity i.e. introduction to solid state physics. The student is expected to explain the atomic structure, describe the various atomic bonds such as ionic bonds and covalent bonds. The learning will also require students to distinguish between crystalline and amorphous solids; polycrystalline and amorphous solids and to explain the production and use of X-ray diffraction. In the second unit i.e. crystal defects and mechanical properties, the learning includes, differentiating between the different types of crystal defects: the point defects (vacancy, interstitials, and substitutional) and dislocations (screw and edge). Here, the student learns that point defects are very localised and are of atomic size, while dislocation is a disorder which extend beyond the volume of one or two atoms. The effects of the defects on mechanical, and electrical properties of these defects are also part of the learning that will take place. In unit three the learning outcomes include definitions of heat capacity, and explanations of variation of heat capacity with temperature based on the classical, Einstein and Debye models. The students will be required to use the free electron theory to explain high thermal and electrical conductivities of metals and also be able to derive and apply the Wiedermann-Frantz law. Finally, in activity four, the expected learning should enable the students to use the band theory to explain the differences between conductors, semiconductors and insulators; explain the differences between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors in relation to the role of doping. At the end of it all, the students use the concepts of the interaction of electromagnetic waves (light) with materials to explain optical absorption, reflectivity and transmissivity.

This is your second programming course after principles of computer programming. Now we want to take programming even further, as we move closer and closer to becoming ‘Gurus’ in software development. To achieve this, we shall start by learning programming using a structural language. Structured programming aims at programs that can perform critical file operations. This will greatly help you to easily learn other programming paradigms like object oriented programming languages, such as Java. We shall therefore, look at general overview of structured programming, language’s environment which is C, operators, data types, control structures, functions, arrays, pointers, C structures and file processing.

The basic objective of coding activity is to produce programs that are easy to understand. It has been argued by many that systems programming practice helps develop programs that are easy to understand. The System Programming module is about advance low level programming topics in C, thus assume that you are already familiar with the C programming language and that you know how to use the standard C library functions in your programs. The C language is the most widely used language for developing System software; most of the commands and libraries that we discuss in this module, and most of the Linux kernel itself, are written in C. Consolidate the programming skills from the previous core courses. The System Programming course concentrates on how programs run in user space and how the interact with the OS. It does not cover OS internals. That will be covered in the Operating Systems CourseIt solidifies the programming skills by having the students write large programs (>1000 lines). The students will use tools like IDEs, debuggers, profilers, and source control to help them write good and maintainable code. The students will learn how to work on teams. The Module Intends to apply use of Scripting Languages. The students will learn to write multi-process and multi-threaded programs. This Module will cover The C Library and I/O System Calls, Shell Programming and Embedding Assembly in C, Processes, Threads and Memory management and Inter Process Communication

Welcome to the Technology Innovation module. The term technological innovation borrows heavily from innovation .It is applied to the products and services resulting from innovations. Technological innovation relates everything that happens on the border of knowledge, generating innovation through research or investment, increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the services or products related to this innovation.

Physics is a study of Energy and its transformations. Heat is the most common form of energy that is transferred or transformed when bodies interact. This module will help you understand the concept of heat as a form of energy and the mechanisms related to its conversion and transformation.

Conversion and transformation of heat has an effect of altering the temperature of the interacting systems. Temperature variation in turn has effects on our personal comfort and on substances that we use every day. The methods presented in this module have applications in almost all areas of professions. Daily temperature in weather forecast, medical professionals, craftsmen, technicians etc. monitor temperature for various purposes in various methods. You will develop skills of measuring temperature and using them to analyze the laws of heat exchange and broader science of thermodynamic laws.

Analytical chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with determination of qualitative and quantitative information about matter. This module covers introductory topics that are fundamental to analytical chemistry and it will mainly focus on quantitative aspects of reactions in aqueous solutions, termed solution stoichiometry. Volumetric chemical analysis which include various types of titration such as: acid-base, complexometric, redox, and precipitation titrations, will be examined in detail. In addition, a review of the basic concepts of chemical equilibria and specifically, acid-base equilibria will also be treated. As a prelude to all the topics mentioned, the concept of reliability in quantitative measurements such as sampling procedures, uncertainty as well as statistical treatment and presentation of experimental results will be discussed.

Fundamentals of Web Technologies and Internet Programming is one of the courses offered by Faculty of Information Technology and Multimedia Communication at African Virtual University (AVU). This course is aimed at: exposing students to the latest internet technology; exposing students to technology which can be applied in web application development; and exposing students to methods of developing interactive and dynamic web application. This course is worth 3 credit hours and should be covered over 8 to 15 weeks.