Biology 2e is designed to cover the scope and sequence requirements of a typical two-semester biology course for science majors. The text provides comprehensive coverage of foundational research and core biology concepts through an evolutionary lens. Biology includes rich features that engage students in scientific inquiry, highlight careers in the biological sciences, and offer everyday applications. The book also includes various types of practice and homework questions that help students understand—and apply—key concepts. The 2nd edition has been revised to incorporate clearer, more current, and more dynamic explanations, while maintaining the same organization as the first edition. Art and illustrations have been substantially improved, and the textbook features additional assessments and related resources.

By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:

Describe the scientific reasons for the success of Mendel’s experimental work
Describe the expected outcomes of monohybrid crosses involving dominant and recessive alleles
Apply the sum and product rules to calculate probabilities

This subject deals primarily with kinetic and equilibrium mathematical models of biomolecular interactions, as well as the application of these quantitative analyses to biological problems across a wide range of levels of organization, from individual molecular interactions to populations of cells.

Organic chemistry is the study of the carbon and the bonding patterns that make carbon the central element to life. A well-rounded science student must take courses in organic chemistry to understand its application to various other topics, such as the study of DNA, pharmaceuticals, and plastics. In the first semester of organic chemistry, the student will cover the basics. The student will explore different explanations of how molecules bond and learn about the simplest carbon structures (alkanes) before moving on to more complex carbon structures (alkenes and alkynes) and their reactions. The student will then transition into stereoechemistry (the spatial arrangement of atoms) and spectroscopy (methods of identifying molecules) and will conclude the course by examining the four basic organic chemistry mechanisms. This last section will demonstrate electron movement in chemical reactions. Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able to: Describe organic molecules in terms of bonding, stereochemistry, functional groups, and resonance; Demonstrate proficiency in the nomenclature of organic molecules; Derive the intermolecular force of given molecules based on their chemical structures; Draw and represent organic molecules, using arrow notation to show the movement of electrons; Demonstrate proficiency in identifying various classes of reactions (i.e. addition, elimination, arrangements); Describe the thermodynamics of organic reactions using energy diagrams; Analyze the stereochemistry of simple organic molecules and the stereochemical consequences of reactions; Demonstrate proficiency in Newman projections and conformations of cyclohexanes; Demonstrate proficiency in determining whether alkyl halides will undergo a substitution or elimination reaction for a given set of reaction conditions; Describe the basic reaction mechanisms of alcohols; Demonstrate proficiency in calculating the degree of unsaturation of molecules; Describe the basic reaction mechanisms of alkenes and alkynes; Explain the concept of chirality, optical activity, and stereoisomerism; Explain the concept of a carbocation, which is an ion with a positively-charged carbon; Rank different carbocations according to their stability and/or reactivity; Explain the differences between SN1 and SN2 substitution reactions and between E1 and E2 eliminations reactions. (Chemistry 103; See also: Biology 107)

"This course provides an introduction to the chemistry of biological, inorganic, and organic molecules.ĺĘTheĺĘemphasis isĺĘon basic principles of atomic and molecular electronic structure, thermodynamics, acid-base and redox equilibria, chemical kinetics, and catalysis. In an effort to illuminate connections between chemistry and biology, a list of the biology-, medicine-, and MIT research-related examples used in 5.111 is provided in Biology-Related Examples. Acknowledgements Development and implementation of the biology-related materials in this course were funded through an HHMI Professors grant to Prof. Catherine L. Drennan."