By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:

Discuss the need for a comprehensive classification system
List the different levels of the taxonomic classification system
Describe how systematics and taxonomy relate to phylogeny
Discuss a phylogenetic tree's components and purpose

By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:

Describe horizontal gene transfer
Illustrate how prokaryotes and eukaryotes transfer genes horizontally
Identify the web and ring models of phylogenetic relationships and describe how they differ from the original phylogenetic tree concept

By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:

Explain the different ways natural selection can shape populations
Describe how these different forces can lead to different outcomes in terms of the population variation

By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:

Define population genetics and describe how scientists use population genetics in studying population evolution
Define the Hardy-Weinberg principle and discuss its importance

By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:

Describe the different types of variation in a population
Explain why only natural selection can act upon heritable variation
Describe genetic drift and the bottleneck effect
Explain how each evolutionary force can influence a population's allele frequencies

By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:

Explain pharmacogenomics
Define polygenic

By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:

Describe gel electrophoresis
Explain molecular and reproductive cloning
Describe biotechnology uses in medicine and agriculture

By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:

Explain systems biology
Describe a proteome
Define protein signature

By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:

Define genomics
Describe genetic and physical maps
Describe genomic mapping methods

By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:

Describe three types of sequencing
Define whole-genome sequencing

By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:

Explain how the structure of DNA reveals the replication process
Describe the Meselson and Stahl experiments

By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:

Discuss the different types of mutations in DNA
Explain DNA repair mechanisms

By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:

Discuss the similarities and differences between DNA replication in eukaryotes and prokaryotes
State the role of telomerase in DNA replication

By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:

Explain the process of DNA replication in prokaryotes
Discuss the role of different enzymes and proteins in supporting this process

By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:

Describe the structure of DNA
Explain the Sanger method of DNA sequencing
Discuss the similarities and differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA

By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:

Explain transformation of DNA
Describe the key experiments that helped identify that DNA is the genetic material
State and explain Chargaff’s rules